1
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  

(   )
 :    : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.      ,      
2.      ,      
-
3.            
4.             
-
5.           
6. Gustatory  Somatosensory        
2
Easy2Siksha
-
7.     50       300    
        '   ,       
     365  ?
8.    ,         
3
Easy2Siksha
GNDU  -2023
  

(   )
 :    : 75
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.      ,      
:   ,   
,       ,       
          
  
     ,   ,    
            , 
 
    ,   , -   ,  
   
   
4
Easy2Siksha
               ,   
     
       :
1.   ():
o  ,  ,          , 
    ()      
   ,        
o      (  )   ,   ,  
      
2. :
o  -            
  ( )        
 ,    "" 
o      
 ,      
    
3. :
o   ,               
 , ,        
o    '   ,         
             !
4.  :
o                
     ,       
     
o           
(   )   (   )
  
o             
            
     
5.   ( ):
o    ,        
          
5
Easy2Siksha
      ,    
  
o        ,  
     ,       

6. :
o            
            
       .
   
       :
  
         -       
  :
1.   ( ):
o     (  ,   )    
(    )          
  ,        
o :           
           
2.   ( ):
o             
,        ,  
 

          

6
Easy2Siksha
o :         ,  
           
3.  ( ):
o             
           
            
o :      '   ,
           

4.  :
o            ,    
  :              
         
5.  :
o           : 
       '       
     
6.  :
o           
             
   
-     
( ):
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Easy2Siksha
 :       ( ,  )
  
    ,           
    :
1.   :
o        (    )
   (      )  
  
   ,     
  
2.  :
o            
        ,    
   
3.   :
o        ,      
           
            
 
4.    :
o        ,  
         
          '   

o             ,
        '   
5.      :
o  -         , 

    ,       
 ,          
6.     :
o             , 
, ,            '
8
Easy2Siksha
  (    )    , 
          
     
              
        :
Acetylcholine:      .
: , ,      
: ,   
  
 (- ):         ,
     
 
 : 
            ,
   :
1.   :          
    (     )   
2.  :        ,  
       
3.   :       ' 
   ,     .
4.   :     ,    
 ()            

      ,      ,   
       ,      
      ,   
     
                
  ,  
           
 
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Easy2Siksha
2.      ,      
: -
   ,            
        -  ,  
       '          
  Synapses           

 ,    ,        
              
,      
  
  ?
            ,    
     ,      
 ,    
 
   ,            
  
   ,             ,  
    ,            ""  ,
 ""  
 Synapse  
       :
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Easy2Siksha
1.  :           ,
        
2.  :       .    , 
20-40   (1       )  
3.  :           
           
   
  , 
        
   ,          
   
              
   :
1.  :     (    
)         
2. Neurotransmitters  :     ( )   '
  ,          
   
3. :         
  '     
4. :         ,    
    (       
 ) 
    (      
 )
5.   :       ,   
            , 
     
Synapses  
       '       : 
   
1.  
              ,
      
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Easy2Siksha
    :    ,    
         ,     
 
:         
 -
  -  ' -    
:          
  ,         
 
2.  
              
       
    :   ,      
           
   ,          
  
:          

    
       .
:          
  ,     
Synapses  
Synapses        :
1.   
                
  ,  ,       
 
2.   
     -        
 -          , 
         
     
  
3.   
       
   
   ,  
             ,
                 
,   
 
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4.     
       ,  -  '
             
         
:     
    ,         
          
  
   -  ,      :
Acetylcholine (ACh):      .
:  , ,       
 
: ,   
  
-  (GABA):   ,   
   
:          
 
      
,          
   :
 :  ,       
,          
'  :           
 ,          
:   ,   '  
,           

  ,            
            
 ,  
    
 ,       
      -  -     
    
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    -      ,   , 
               
     
-
3.            
:           ,  
, ,            
          , 
   
           -   
     , 
   - ,  
,    ,          
 ,   
1.    ?
         ,    (  
  )         " "   

  , , ,          
     '         
2.     
         ,      
        :




Cingulate Gyrus

 
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Easy2Siksha
     '    .
3. 
  ,              
          
  ,    
    
:
            " 
"      (        
)
        
 ,     
  , ,    
:
   
           .   
  ,              ,
               
4. 
                
          
 
:
             ,
        
          ,       
     
     
:
 
     ,          
        
        ,
       

5. 
              
   , , 
         
 ()      
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Easy2Siksha
:
         ,  , 
        
         
 
:
 
   ,     
       
               
 
    
6. 
                 
    ( ,   )       
        
:
          ,    
   
 
       
 
:
 
    ,       ,    
                  
      
7. Cingulate Gyrus
             
     
 
:
           ,  
           
            
    
:
 
 '    ,         
    
       
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8. 
              
 ,  
:
      -       
     
           
 
:
 
       ,       
 
      
 
9.  
  ,               
               
:
            
      '   ,      
        
:
 
              ,  
      
10.       ?
     ,        
        :
 :         
     ,        
          
   
  
 :      ,     
            
              
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  :        

,   
         , , 
 
    
11.       
                
-
      ,       ,   
    
   
 
   :
  : 
   ,     
                
     
 :
    ,      
      
  
  :      ,   
               
12.   
      -      
   ,     ,     
(       )       
   ,         
    
   
, , , ,  , ,    
 
 ,           ,
               ]

         ,   
            
 ,  
              ,   
  ,  ,         
            ,   
       
            , 
 

     
         
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  , 
    -    
              
4.             
:                
              
               
  ,            
         
    
        ,           ,
  '   ,          (  )
  ,                
 45     43         ' 
  ,             
           -       
 :
1.   (  )
2.   (   )
3.   (   )
4.   ( )
5.   ( )
1.   
               :
 :     
 :  ,    
 :            
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      ,      , 
  (CSF)     CSF          , 
  
 
2.     
         :
 :   ,      -   
' "H"              
 
 :          ()   
 (            ) 
               
       :
 () :     .
 () :    
  :      ,     
 ()   
3.   
        31              
               
               :
8   (C1-C8)
12   (T1-T12)
5   (L1-L5)
5   (S1-S5)
1   (Co1)
        :
 :          
 :           
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    
      
 :
1.         
2.  
1.  
       -         
      ( , , , )    
   ( , )   
     :
 :  
    ,        
  
     ,       
            
 :          ,   
         ,   
    
2.  
       ,        

             
         
 , 
       ,      
  ,   
            
             :
1.  ( ,    
  )
2.  
       
 
3.             
  

4.        ,   
  
 
5.  ,            
 
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3.  
        (      
)        ,   ,    
       
 
      
           
      
     
           :
1.     
           ,   , ,  
          '        
   :
:        
  : ,       
      .
    -     -   :
  (  )     (    )
  
  (   )     (   ) 
 
          
2.     
         ,  :
  (MS):          
()  
 ,        
 
   (ALS):      
           ,    
     
    :            
          
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    
                :
  :
         ,   -  
   (, , , ,  )
       '       ,   -
    

         ,        
           ,     
             
    ,  ,  ,     
 
              
   ,     ,      

              ,  
         ,         
            
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-
5.           
: -
                 
             (  
   )    (    )      
       ,     
              
        
 
   
               
:
1. :
o         
         
,            
o   :
:         
     
:      ,     
          ' 
      
:      ,   
    
:    ,      
   
:           
          : (  
 )   (  )
 :        
2.
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3.    :
o         ,    
     
o  :            
'   ,          
    
o :       -    
  
o  :       ( )
             
     .
   
1. :
o              
    
o          ,    
         
2.  :
o             
        ,   

    
3.  :
o     (,   )     - -
   
         
     
4.  :
o              
            

,
         
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5.  
o           .  
       ,     ,
     
6.  :
o       ,     
           
    
  ,        
 
   
                
      
1.  :
o                 
            '  .
o   :          

  
  ,          ,
     
o  :         
   
o  :         
2.  :
o      ',        
             
 
o             
         
3.  :
o              - 
   ,    , , 
   
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   
1.   :
o                
    ,         
 ,          
     
2.   :
o     -         
        ,    
 
3.  :
o         
   
 ,
          ,   
   
           
    
4.    :
o           ,   
             
   
5.     :
o             
      ,   ,   ,
        '   
6.  :
o             , 

             
  
      
        ,     
  :
:             

           ,  
             
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:         ,  
,      ,         
 ,   '   
 :            
   ,          
,          

              
,               
        ,   ,    
   ()        ,    
              
                
     
6. Gustatory  Somatosensory        
: -
                 
             (  
   )    (    )      
       ,     
              
        
 
   
               
:
1. :
o         
         
,            
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o   :
:         
     
:       ,      
         '   
    
:      ,   
    
:    ,      
   
:          
          : (  
 )   (  )
 :        
2.    :
o         ,    
     
o  :           
'   ,          
    
o :       -    
  
o  :      ( ) 
             
    .
   
1. :
o              
    
o          ,    
         
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2.  :
o             
        ,   

    
3.  :
o     (,   )     - -
   
         
     
4.  :
o              
            

,
         
5.  :
o           .  
       ,     ,
     
6.  :
o       ,     
           
    
  ,        
 
   
                
      
1.  :
o                 
            '  .
o   :          

  
  ,          ,
     
o  :        
   
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o  :         
2.  :
o      ',        
             
 
o             
         
3.  :
o              - 
   ,    , , 
   
   
1.   :
o                
    ,         
 ,          
     
2.   :
o     -         
        ,    
 
3.  :
o         
   
 ,
          ,   
   
           
    
4.    :
o           ,   
             
   
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5.     :
o             
      ,   ,   ,
        '   
6.  :
o             , 

             
  
      
        ,     
  :
:            

           ,  
             
:         ,  
,      ,         
 ,   '   
 :            
    ,         
 ,          

              
,               
        ,   ,    
   ()        ,    
              
                
     
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-
7.     50       300    
        '   ,       
     365  ?
: o     ,       
    ,   '         ( 
    )      ,      
  ,       :
1.      = 300 
2.   = 50 
3. 
             365 

4.     '   ,          
    ,      (300 )  -
 ,           
 -- :
1.     
           ,  '     
,           ,    ,   (
   )      
  :
,   , 300  
  50  ,            
  
    
     -     
     (  ,      )  , 
                 ,
    ,       
2.  : Z-
           365   ,  Z- 
    Z-        (  , 365 )  (300
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)                 
   
Z-      :
:
XXX         (  , 365 ),
μ\muμ    (300 ),
σ\sigmaσ   (50 ) 
 :
 , Z- 1.3 
3. Z-   
1.3  Z-     365  300     1.3    , 
    Z-            365  

4. Z-      
1.3  Z-       , 
Z- (   - Z-
     )  Z-         
   
1.3  Z-  0.9032      
    90.32%      365  
5. 
   Z-    ',          365
   0.9032,   90.32%
  ,    100  , 
   90  365  
      
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 :   
              
 
    -            
    
      
  :
 ()    
         
  
              
         ,       
       
 ,        300      50 
,          300        
              
  
    
?
    '    
        
                
 ,                
     , 
       

  , 
              
  365    
Z-:    
Z-                
              
 ,     :
   300  
  50  
 
365          ,    
    365   (300 )   
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Z-  :
  :
XXX (     ) 365  
μ\muμ () 300  
σ\sigmaσ ( ) 50  
  , 
  :
 , Z- 1.3       365  300     1.3 
 
Z- :  
 Z-       Z-     
  
          Z- '   
       365    , 
Z-  1.3  Z-
 
Z-     1.3  Z-    0.9032 
     90.32%  365       ,    100
 ,     90    365  
      ?
    
  
         
        ,  
       
 365                ', 
       90%  365       
               
 ,  
    ,  
     
     ,     365       
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  :
 1:    
    
            
 :
    = 300 
  = 50 

             365  
 2: Z-   
, 
    Z-      365     

  Z- 1.3 ,     365    1.3   
 3:  
 , 
 Z-   1.3  Z-      ,  
0.9032        90.32%  365    
 '  :    
 
    
            
              
             
    , 50           
  50               , 
     

 ,       365       90.32%  
 , Z-,             
         - 
    
     ,
     ,   
 ,           
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8.    ,         
:    
   (          )    
    ,           
          -  ,   
   
    
1. :       -       
  
       ,        


:   () '  '         ' 
 
2. ,   :   ,  (),  ( ),  
(   - )             
      
3. :             
  
           (  ) 
 ,        
4.  :      1 ( 100%)        
  
 
5.  :           
         ,     
      
    
       ,     ,
           '       :
1. :             
    
 
2.  :         
   
           , 

 
3. :              
 (  - )    (  QQ )   
   
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4. :              
             '    
 
5.  : -       ,    
         
    
             
  
 :
1. :              
     ,        
2.  :         :
o  68%   (μ - σ  μ + σ )     
 
 
o  95%    (μ -  μ + 2σ )   
 
o  99.7%    (μ -  μ + 3σ )   




:-   
 ,   , ,   
      
 
3.    :     1         
      
 ,        
  
 
4. Z-:Z-     
        
     , 0   Z-     ,  
   Z-  
         
  
5.   :              
'  ,       '  
,     
  (  ' n > 30)
6.  :  ,   -   ,
  -   -      
 ,             
    
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  
1.  :-  ANOVA         
             
        
2.  :         
        ,      
      '  ,        
  
3. :         '  
 ,             
             
4. - :     -     ,
    (    ) ,     
,       
5.  :     
            
              

          ,  
         ,   ,  ,
      ,        
         ,    
        -     
    
              
            
   
 
:      Ai      ( )      
         , 
  '        
